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Basic components of 2-s Engines 2-stroke crosshead engine  It is very important to know the basic components of our 2-s engine along with the position of each components. Here below is the diagram showing the various components and how they are assembled.  Mainly 2-s Engine are of two types . a. Trunk type  b. crosshead type                                           We are generally not using trunk type 2-s engine because crankcase contamination is very high , in order to lubricate liner using crankcase oil (splash lubrication) fouling of scavenging   space taken place which can more risk of scavenge fire , chances of hotspot in the crankcase is very high , wear of liner is more.                                                ...

WHITE METAL ALLOY  APPLICATIONS : BEARINGS , FUSIBLE PLUG , JEWELLERY , MINIATURE FIGURES ETC.  COMPOSITION : Tin , Antimony , Bismuth, Zinc , Cadmium  and  lead.  IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS BABBITT , BABBITT METALS OR BEARING METALS. COPPER- it holds antimony in evenly dispersed pattern while solidify. ANTIMONY-forms hard cubes to withstand the load of journal . Tin - it accomodates misallignment  % COMPOSITION source: wikipedia

3 Way Valve   Fig. 3 way valve    The functioning of a 3-way valve is significantly different from other types of valves, which typically only operate in a 2-way manner. Unlike 2-way valves, the 3-way valve can control the fluid exchange between three separate transfer lines. For better control, the 3-way valve is usually paired with an actuator which itself is powered pneumatically, by electricity, or by temperature. One of the functions of the 3-way valve is to completely shut off flow to one pipe, while at the same time allowing for fluid transfer to begin in a connecting pipe. The valve can also be used to mix two of the liquids that are being sent through the pipes. Lastly, the 3-way valve can take fluid from a single pipe and separate it into two pipes. And while all 3-way valves work similarly, there is a vast array of different valve sizes, which have varying flow rates. Fig. Converging flow The 3-way valve is perfect for controlling the flow of ...

CYLINDER HEAD       To cover the top portion of the cylinder liner and hence also known as head (being the top most portion corresponding to the head in the human body).                                                  OR Seals the “top-end” of the combustion chamber .    Materials : Cast Iron, Cast Steel and Combination both.    They have several mountings on them which could vary with the make and model of the engine by typically these could include starting air valve, fuel valve, relief valve and so forth. The cylinder head for a typical Sulzer RD marine diesel engine  will have the various valves such as the fuel injector, air starting valve, relief valve, indicator cock e...

Regulation for the Discharge of Sewage  According to Marpol (73/78) annex  IV   , prevention of pollution from sewage it has 11 regulation according to Marpol consolidation 2002. Regulation 1 deals with basic definition of new ship, existing ship , sewage , nearest land etc. Regulation 2 deals with application of this convention on different types of ship based on their tonnage and number of crew capacity. Regulation 3 deals with various types of surveys which is conducted initially from the ship construction to operational level. Regulation 4 deals with the  issuing of ISPP (International Sewage Pollution Prevention ) certificate. Regulation 5 deals with issuing of certificate by another government i.e, there is no issue of ISPP certificate to flag which is not the party of organisation . Regulation 6 deals with the forms of certificate i.e ISPP certificate shall be drawn in official language of issuing country if the issuing country official langua...

FUEL INJECTOR FUEL INJECTOR It is valve through which fuel is sprayed or injected in the combustion space of internal combustion engine . Therefore it is also called fuel valve . It has given with below three basic purposes. Atomization - The process of breaking of fuel into small tiny particles during the time of injection. The size of fuel particles is about 10 mm in diameter. Penetration - It  is the distance travelled by tiny fuel particles in the combustion chamber before combustion. Turbulence - Swirll or rotating  movement of fuel along with charge air in  the combustion chamber . It improves the mixing of fuel and air. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF FUEL INJECTOR  When fuel pump plunger rises up in the barrel , fuel come into the chamber of fuel injector and pressure starts build in the chamber underside of the needle valve and when the fuel overcomes the spring force , needle valve is opened and fuel passes through  the small clearance b...

TURBULENCE IN THE ENGINE CYLINDER  It is swirling movement of air  causes air to rotate in  the combustion chamber at the end of compression which is achieved by movement of piston. For the better swirling movement scavenging port is tilted radially and in case of air inlet valve at the cylinder head is fitted with  shields or deflectors .  Care must be taken while assembling air inlet valve to ensure that deflector is located at its position. With the help of nozzle in the injector helps in turbulence of air fuel mixture.

INVESTIGATION AND CAUSE OF ENGINE BLACK SMOKING When we start investigating this situation due to drifting of wind from one  exhaust pipe over another causing difficulty in locating which engine is smoking  if offending engine is identified then again it is trouble to identify which unit is faulty or the whole unit is faulty .  Plug or Cocks of exhaust elbow leading to manifold should opened individually and  condition of exhaust gas should be examined with the help of   light reflecting surface . If all the cylinders are found to be smoky then following points to be checked as given below - Engines operating on heavy fuel oil hence fuel TEMPERATURE is checked and correction is made if necessary because we require proper viscosity to the fuel pump , injector and to the combustion space (around 13 cst for HFO to the  fuel injector). If temperature is correct then  check the RPM of the blower in case of supercharging system....

    MEDIUM SPEED ENGINE         Such engines  are running in between (250-850) rpm and above this range are defined as HSE (high speed engine).       Mostly Auxiliary engines are medium speed engine and alternator is coupled with it and is used for electrical power generation.       Low weight of engine and  reduced space requirement( turbocharger has reduced the space of E/R by 30% and 300% by weight w.r.t slow speed engine and less machinery weight is helpful stabilizing trim)         Low head space (provides continuous deck by shipbuilder which helps in cargo carriage , layout of control room , auxiliary engine ,stores)      Speed of engine and propeller is independent to each other hence best design speed can be selected for both. A free selection of rpm of propeller can increase its efficiency.        The same e...

         CROSSHEAD TYPE IC ENGINE      It is a mechanism which is used in longer stroke engine and in air compressor to reduce the side pressure on the piston.       It also enables the connecting rod to move freely outside the cylinder. Because of very small bore to stroke ratio in such engines the connecting rod would hit the cylinder wall and block the engine rotating if the piston was directly attached to the connecting rod. Here connecting rod is not directly connected to the piston.